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Contents
Preface
1. Climate system
2. Energy balance
3. Modelling
4. Perturbations
5. Brief history
6. Future climate changes
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Description
Introduction to climate dynamics and climate modelling
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Hugues Goosse
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Institut
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3.1 Introduction
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3. Modelling the climate system
3
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1
Introduction
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What is a climate model ?
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Types of models
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A hierarchy of models
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Energy balance models
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Intermediate complexity models
3
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General circulation models
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Components of a climate model
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Atmosphere
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Ocean
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Sea ice
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Land surface
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Marine biogeochemistry
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Ice sheets
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Coupling between the components - Earth system models
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Numerical resolution of the equations
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Consistence, convergence and stability
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Time and space discretisations using finite differences
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Spectral representation and finite element methods
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5
Testing the validity of models
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Verification, validation, testing
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2
Evaluating model performance
Cited references and further reading
Exercises
Web links