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Preface
1. Climate system
2. Energy balance
3. Modelling
4. Perturbations
5. Brief history
6. Future climate changes
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Introduction to climate dynamics and climate modelling
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Hugues Goosse
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Introduction to climate physics
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5
. Brief history of climate: causes and mechanisms
5
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1
Introduction
5
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2
Internal climate variability
5
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2
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1
El Niño-Southern Oscillation
5
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2
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2
The North Atlantic Oscillation
5
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2
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3
The Southern Annular Mode
5
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3
Climate since Earth's formation
5
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3
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1
Precambrian climate
5
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3
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2
Phanerozoic climate
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3
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3
Cenozoic climate
5
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4
The last million years: glacial interglacial cycles
5
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4
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1
Variations of the orbital parameters and of the insolation
5
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4
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2
Orbital theory of paleoclimates
5
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4
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3
Glacial-interglacial variations in the atmospheric CO
2
concentration
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5
The Holocene and the last 1000 years
5
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1
The current interglacial
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2
The last 1000 years
5
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5
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2
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1
Hemispheric-scale changes
5
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5
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2
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2
Changes at the regional scale
5
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3
The last century
Cited references and further reading
Exercises
Web links